@layer reset,layout,components;:root{--accent: #00b1ed;--font-sans: ui-sans-serif, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Segoe UI, Roboto, Helvetica Neue, Arial, sans-serif;--font-mono: ui-monospace, SFMono-Regular, Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, Liberation Mono, Courier New, monospace;--text-xs: clamp(.75rem, .72rem + .13vw, .875rem);--text-sm: clamp(.875rem, .84rem + .18vw, 1rem);--text-base: clamp(1.0625rem, .98rem + .44vw, 1.25rem);--text-lg: clamp(1.125rem, 1.05rem + .38vw, 1.25rem);--text-xl: clamp(1.25rem, 1.15rem + .5vw, 1.5rem);--text-2xl: clamp(1.5rem, 1.35rem + .75vw, 1.875rem);--text-3xl: clamp(1.875rem, 1.65rem + 1.13vw, 2.25rem);--color-bg: oklch(21% .04 265);--color-text: oklch(91% .012 255);--color-text-muted: oklch(67% .02 255);--color-prose: oklch(78% .012 255);--color-link: oklch(68% .13 222);--color-text-subtle: oklch(45% .025 255);--color-text-faint: oklch(67% .02 255);--color-surface: oklch(20% .04 255);--color-hover: oklch(29% .03 255);--color-border: oklch(30% .03 255);--color-border-dark: oklch(45% .025 255);--color-heading: oklch(100% 0 0);--color-pre-bg: oklch(8% 0 0);--color-pre-text: oklch(88% .01 255);--color-code-pre-bg: oklch(22% .03 255);--color-code-inline-bg: oklch(29% .035 255);color-scheme:dark}.search-trigger{display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:center;width:2rem;height:2rem;padding:0;background:none;border:none;border-radius:4px;color:var(--color-text-muted);cursor:pointer;transition:color .15s,background .15s}.search-trigger:hover{color:var(--color-text);background:var(--color-hover)}.search-trigger--fixed{position:fixed;inset-block-start:1rem;inset-inline-end:1rem;z-index:50}.search-trigger--unavailable{color:var(--color-text-faint);cursor:not-allowed}.search-trigger--unavailable:hover{color:var(--color-text-faint);background:none}#search-modal{position:fixed;inset:0;width:min(640px,92vw);max-height:80vh;margin:6vh auto auto;padding:0;border:1px solid var(--color-border);border-radius:8px;background:var(--color-bg);box-shadow:0 20px 60px #00000040;overflow:hidden}#search-modal::backdrop{background:#00000073;backdrop-filter:blur(2px)}@starting-style{#search-modal{opacity:0;transform:translateY(-8px) scale(.98)}}#search-modal{opacity:1;transform:translateY(0) scale(1);transition:opacity .15s,transform .15s,display .15s allow-discrete,overlay .15s allow-discrete}.search-modal-inner{position:relative;padding:1rem 1rem .5rem;max-height:80vh;overflow-y:auto}.search-modal-close{position:absolute;top:.75rem;right:.75rem;display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:center;width:1.75rem;height:1.75rem;padding:0;background:none;border:none;border-radius:4px;color:var(--color-text-muted);cursor:pointer;transition:color .15s,background .15s;z-index:1}.search-modal-close:hover{color:var(--color-text);background:var(--color-hover)}.pagefind-ui{--pagefind-ui-scale: 1;--pagefind-ui-primary: var(--accent);--pagefind-ui-text: var(--color-text);--pagefind-ui-background: var(--color-bg);--pagefind-ui-border: var(--color-border);--pagefind-ui-tag: var(--color-hover);--pagefind-ui-border-width: 1px;--pagefind-ui-border-radius: 4px;--pagefind-ui-font: var(--font-sans)}.skip-link{position:absolute;inset-block-start:0;inset-inline-start:0;padding:.5rem 1rem;background:var(--color-bg);color:var(--color-link);font-size:var(--text-sm);font-weight:600;z-index:100;translate:0 -100%;&:focus{translate:0}}@keyframes reading-progress{0%{transform:scaleX(0)}to{transform:scaleX(1)}}.progress-bar{position:fixed;inset-block-start:0;inset-inline-start:0;width:100%;height:3px;background:var(--accent);transform-origin:left;transform:scaleX(0);z-index:200}@supports (animation-timeline: scroll()){.progress-bar{animation:reading-progress linear forwards;animation-timeline:scroll(root)}}.dev-overlay{position:fixed;inset-block-start:.65rem;inset-inline-end:3.5rem;display:flex;flex-direction:column;align-items:stretch;gap:.3em;padding:.4em;border-radius:.5em;border:1px solid oklch(40% .04 250 / .5);background:#0f171fbf;backdrop-filter:blur(6px);z-index:100;pointer-events:none}.dev-overlay__item{padding:.2em .55em;border-radius:.3em;font-size:.85rem;font-weight:600;font-variant-numeric:tabular-nums;line-height:1.4;pointer-events:auto}.dev-overlay__item--ok{background:oklch(30% .1 145);color:#9be39d}.dev-overlay__item--warn{background:oklch(32% .1 55);color:oklch(85% .14 55)}.dev-overlay__item--error{background:#551112;color:oklch(85% .12 25)}.dev-overlay__item--field{background:#192a3c;color:#abc0d7;font-family:var(--font-mono);cursor:default}@layer reset{*,*:before,*:after{box-sizing:border-box;border:0 solid}html{line-height:1.5;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;tab-size:4;font-family:var(--font-sans)}body{margin:0;line-height:inherit}h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6{font-size:inherit;font-weight:inherit}a{color:inherit;text-decoration:inherit}b,strong{font-weight:bolder}code,kbd,pre,samp{font-family:var(--font-mono);font-size:1em}small{font-size:80%}img,video,svg{display:block;max-inline-size:100%;block-size:auto}blockquote,dd,dl,figure,h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6,hr,p,pre{margin:0}ol,ul{list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}table{text-indent:0;border-color:inherit;border-collapse:collapse}hr{block-size:0;color:inherit;border-block-start-width:1px}summary{display:list-item}[hidden]{display:none}}a[data-link-unpublished]{text-decoration:none;background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' width='12' height='4'%3E%3Cpath d='M0 3 Q3 0 6 3 Q9 6 12 3' fill='none' stroke='%23e05a2b' stroke-width='1.2'/%3E%3C/svg%3E");background-repeat:repeat-x;background-position:0 100%;background-size:12px 4px;padding-block-end:3px;opacity:.75}@layer layout{.page-body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;min-block-size:100svh;-webkit-font-smoothing:antialiased;-moz-osx-font-smoothing:grayscale;color:var(--color-text);background-color:var(--color-bg)}.page-wrapper{flex-grow:1;inline-size:100%;padding-inline:1rem;padding-block-start:4rem;margin-inline:auto;@media(min-width:768px){max-inline-size:48rem}}}@layer components{.comments-form-wrap{margin-block-start:2.5rem}#comment-open-btn{background:var(--accent);color:#fff;border:none;border-radius:.375rem;padding-block:.5rem;padding-inline:1.25rem;font-size:var(--text-sm);font-weight:600;cursor:pointer;&:hover{filter:brightness(1.1)}}#comment-success{margin-block-start:1rem;color:#6bc670;font-size:var(--text-sm)}#comment-dialog{border:1px solid var(--color-border);border-radius:.5rem;background:var(--color-bg);color:var(--color-text);padding:1.75rem;width:min(38rem,100dvw - 2rem);max-height:90dvh;overflow-y:auto;opacity:0;translate:0 .5rem;transition:opacity .2s ease,translate .2s ease,display .2s allow-discrete,overlay .2s allow-discrete;&[open]{opacity:1;translate:0 0;@starting-style{opacity:0;translate:0 .5rem}}&::backdrop{background:#0000007f;backdrop-filter:blur(2px);transition:display .2s allow-discrete,overlay .2s allow-discrete,opacity .2s ease;opacity:0}&[open]::backdrop{opacity:1;@starting-style{opacity:0}}}.field{display:flex;flex-direction:column;gap:.375rem;margin-block-end:1rem}.field--checkbox{flex-direction:row;align-items:flex-start;gap:.5rem;label{display:flex;align-items:flex-start;gap:.5rem;font-size:var(--text-sm);color:var(--color-text-muted);cursor:pointer}input[type=checkbox]{margin-block-start:.15em;flex-shrink:0}}#comment-dialog label{font-size:var(--text-sm);font-weight:500;color:var(--color-text-muted)}#comment-dialog input[type=text],#comment-dialog input[type=email],#comment-dialog textarea{border:1px solid var(--color-border);border-radius:.25rem;background:var(--color-bg);color:var(--color-text);font-size:var(--text-sm);padding-block:.4rem;padding-inline:.75rem;width:100%;&:focus{outline:2px solid var(--accent);outline-offset:1px}}#comment-dialog textarea{resize:vertical;min-height:7rem}#comment-dialog input[name=_hp]{position:absolute;inset-inline-start:-9999px;width:1px;height:1px;overflow:hidden}.privacy{font-size:var(--text-xs);color:var(--color-text-subtle);margin-block:.75rem 1rem}.form-error{font-size:var(--text-sm);color:oklch(70% .2 25);margin-block-end:.75rem}.form-actions{display:flex;gap:.75rem;align-items:center;button[type=submit]{background:var(--accent);color:#fff;border:none;border-radius:.375rem;padding-block:.5rem;padding-inline:1.25rem;font-size:var(--text-sm);font-weight:600;cursor:pointer;&:disabled,&[aria-disabled=true]{opacity:.55;cursor:default}&:not(:disabled):not([aria-disabled=true]):hover{filter:brightness(1.1)}}button[type=button]{background:none;border:1px solid var(--color-border);border-radius:.375rem;padding-block:.5rem;padding-inline:1rem;font-size:var(--text-sm);color:var(--color-text-muted);cursor:pointer;&:hover{background:var(--color-hover)}}}.comments{margin-block-start:3rem;border-block-start:1px solid var(--color-border);padding-block-start:2rem}.comments-heading{font-size:var(--text-lg);font-weight:600;margin-block-end:1.5rem}.comments-list,.comment-replies{list-style:none;padding:0;margin:0;display:flex;flex-direction:column;gap:1.25rem}.comment-replies{margin-block-start:1rem;padding-inline-start:1.25rem;border-inline-start:2px solid var(--color-border)}.comment{padding:1rem 1.25rem;background:#1b1b1b;border-radius:.5rem}.comment--author{border-inline-start:3px solid var(--accent)}.comment-header{display:flex;gap:1rem;align-items:baseline;margin-block-end:.5rem}.comment-author{font-size:var(--text-sm);font-weight:600}.comment-date{font-size:var(--text-xs);color:var(--color-text-muted)}.comment-text p{font-size:var(--text-sm);margin:0}.site-header-row{display:flex;justify-content:space-between;align-items:center}.site-title{font-size:var(--text-3xl);text-decoration:underline;text-decoration-color:var(--accent);text-decoration-thickness:4px;text-underline-offset:10px;margin-top:-20px;transform:rotate(-1deg)}.site-tagline{margin-block-start:1.5rem;font-size:var(--text-lg);color:var(--color-text-muted)}.featured-list{margin-block-start:3rem;padding-block-end:2rem;border-block-end:1px solid var(--color-border);>*+*{margin-block-start:1.5rem}}.post-featured-label{font-size:var(--text-xs);font-weight:600;text-transform:uppercase;letter-spacing:.06em;color:var(--color-text-muted)}.post-featured .post-title{font-size:var(--text-xl)}.post-featured .post-subtitle{font-size:var(--text-base)}.post-list{margin-block-start:2rem;>*+*{margin-block-start:1.5rem}}.post{position:relative;.post-title a:after{content:"";position:absolute;inset:0}}.post-date{font-size:var(--text-xs);font-weight:500;color:var(--color-text-subtle)}.post-title{font-size:var(--text-lg);font-weight:600;&:hover{text-decoration:underline}}.post-subtitle{font-weight:400;color:var(--color-text-faint)}.back-header{position:fixed;inset-block-start:0;inset-inline-start:0;padding:1rem;z-index:50;min-inline-size:100%;background-color:var(--color-bg);display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:space-between;@media(min-width:768px){background-color:transparent}}.has-hero .back-header{background-color:transparent}.back-link{display:inline-flex;align-items:center;gap:.25rem;padding:.25rem .5rem;font-size:var(--text-sm);border-radius:.5rem;border:1px solid var(--color-border);white-space:nowrap;transition:background-color .15s ease,border-color .15s ease;&:hover{background-color:var(--color-hover);border-color:var(--color-border-dark)}}.has-hero .back-link{background-color:#01030cb3;border-color:#ffffff1f;&:hover{background-color:#303a50d9;border-color:#ffffff4d}}.has-hero article>.toc{margin-block-start:0}.back-icon{inline-size:.875rem;block-size:.875rem;flex-shrink:0}.article-hero{position:relative;margin-inline:calc(50% - 50vw);margin-block-start:-4rem;width:100vw;display:flex;align-items:flex-start;overflow:hidden;&:after{content:"";position:absolute;inset:0;background:linear-gradient(to bottom,oklch(21% .04 265 / .45) 0%,oklch(21% .04 265 / .65) 60%,var(--color-bg) 100%)}}.article-hero picture{position:absolute;inset:0;img{width:100%;height:100%;object-fit:cover;filter:brightness(.5)}}.article-hero-content{position:relative;z-index:1;width:min(48rem,100%);margin-inline:auto;padding-inline:1rem;padding-block-start:4.5rem;padding-block-end:5rem;.article-meta{margin-inline:0;color:var(--color-text);text-shadow:0 1px 4px oklch(0% 0 0 / .8)}.article-title{text-align:left;text-shadow:0 1px 8px oklch(0% 0 0 / .9),0 2px 24px oklch(0% 0 0 / .6)}.article-subtitle{text-align:left;margin-block-end:0;color:var(--color-text);font-size:var(--text-lg);text-shadow:0 1px 6px oklch(0% 0 0 / .85)}}.article-meta{display:flex;gap:.5rem;max-inline-size:max-content;margin-block-end:1.5rem;font-size:var(--text-xs);font-weight:500;color:var(--color-text-muted)}.article-title{margin-block-start:.5rem;margin-block-end:1rem;font-size:var(--text-3xl);font-weight:800}.article-subtitle{font-style:italic;color:var(--color-text-muted);margin-block-end:3rem;line-height:1.5}.site-footer{margin-inline:auto;margin-block:4rem;padding-block-end:2rem;text-align:center;font-size:var(--text-sm);color:var(--color-text-subtle);>*+*{margin-block-start:1.5rem}}.footer-nav ul{display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:center;flex-wrap:wrap;list-style:none;padding:0;margin:0}.footer-nav-item{list-style:none;font-size:var(--text-sm);color:var(--color-text-subtle);a{color:oklch(from var(--color-text-muted) calc(l + .1) c h)}a:hover{color:var(--color-text);text-decoration:underline}}.footer-sep{padding-inline:.25rem}.footer-nav-item:last-child .footer-sep{display:none}.copyright-issn{&:after{content:" \b7  "}}.badge-status{display:inline-flex;align-items:center;padding-inline:.45em;padding-block:.1em;border-radius:.3em;font-size:.6em;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:.06em;text-transform:uppercase;vertical-align:middle;line-height:1.6;background:oklch(34% .1 var(--_h));color:oklch(84% .16 var(--_h))}.badge-draft{--_h: 75}.badge-seed{--_h: 210}.badge-scheduled{--_h: 280}.badge-archived{--_h: 0;background:#3b282d;color:#b0a0a4}.series-current{font-weight:600}body{counter-reset:hadley-indicator}[data-hadley]{counter-increment:hadley-indicator;position:fixed;top:calc((counter(hadley-indicator) - 1)*2.6rem);right:0;z-index:9999;font-family:monospace;font-size:13px;line-height:1;padding-inline:1em 1.4em;padding-block:.7em;background:#170902eb;border:1px solid oklch(38% .05 55 / .6);border-radius:6px;backdrop-filter:blur(8px);box-shadow:-2px 2px 10px #00000059;&:before{content:"\2139  " attr(data-hadley) ":";color:#e4762c;margin-inline-end:.5em}&:after{content:attr(data-hadley-val);color:#f1c7ac}}.markdown{color:var(--color-text);font-size:var(--text-base);line-height:1.7777778;display:block;p{margin-block:1.3333333em;color:var(--color-prose)}a{color:var(--color-link);text-decoration:none;&:hover{text-decoration:underline}>strong{color:var(--color-link)}&:after{content:" \2192"}}a[target=_blank]:after{content:" \2197"}nav a:after,details a:after{content:none}strong{font-weight:600;color:var(--color-heading)}h1,h2,h3,h4{color:var(--color-heading);font-weight:700;line-height:1.3}h1{font-size:var(--text-3xl);line-height:1.1;margin-block-start:0;margin-block-end:.8333333em;font-weight:800}h2{font-size:var(--text-2xl);margin-block-start:1.8666667em;margin-block-end:1.0666667em}h3{font-size:var(--text-xl);margin-block-start:1.6666667em;margin-block-end:.6666667em}h4{font-size:var(--text-lg);margin-block-start:1.7777778em;margin-block-end:.4444444em}h2+*,h3+*,h4+*,hr+*{margin-block-start:0}ul{list-style-type:disc;padding-inline-start:1.5555556em;margin-block:1.3333333em}ol{list-style-type:decimal;padding-inline-start:1.5555556em;margin-block:1.3333333em}li{margin-block:.6666667em;padding-inline-start:.4444444em}ul ul,ul ol,ol ul,ol ol{margin-block:.8888889em}ol>li::marker{font-weight:400;color:var(--color-text-muted)}ul>li::marker{color:var(--color-border-dark)}blockquote{font-style:italic;color:var(--color-heading);border-inline-start:.25rem solid var(--accent);padding-inline-start:1em;margin-block:1.6666667em;margin-inline:0}blockquote:has(+blockquote){opacity:.6;border-inline-start-color:var(--color-border);margin-block-start:2.5em;margin-block-end:.25em;font-size:.95em;&:before{content:"Original";display:block;font-size:.7em;font-style:normal;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:.1em;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--accent);opacity:.8;margin-block-end:.75em}}blockquote:has(+blockquote)+blockquote{margin-block-end:2.5em}hr{border-color:var(--color-border);border-block-start-width:1px;margin-block:3.1111111em}code{font-size:.8888889em;font-weight:600;color:var(--color-heading)}:not(pre)>code{background-color:var(--color-code-inline-bg);padding:.1em .3em;border-radius:.25em;&:before,&:after{content:"`";color:var(--color-text-muted)}}pre{color:var(--color-pre-text);background-color:var(--color-pre-bg);overflow-x:auto;font-size:.8888889em;line-height:1.75;margin-block:2em;border-radius:.375rem;padding:1em 1.5em;code{background-color:transparent;padding:0;font-weight:400;color:inherit;font-size:inherit;font-family:inherit;line-height:inherit;&:before,&:after{content:none}}}table{inline-size:100%;table-layout:auto;text-align:start;margin-block:2em;font-size:.8888889em;line-height:1.5}thead{border-block-end:1px solid var(--color-border-dark)}thead th{color:var(--color-heading);font-weight:600;vertical-align:bottom;padding:.75em}tbody tr{border-block-end:1px solid var(--color-border);&:last-child{border-block-end-width:0}}tbody td{vertical-align:baseline;padding:.75em}th[data-align=left],td[data-align=left]{text-align:left}th[data-align=center],td[data-align=center]{text-align:center}th[data-align=right],td[data-align=right]{text-align:right}figure{float:inline-start;max-inline-size:33%;margin-block:.5em;margin-inline:0 1.5em;>*{margin-block:0}}figure:has(video){float:none;max-inline-size:100%;margin-block:1.5em;margin-inline:0}figcaption{color:var(--color-text-muted);font-size:.8888889em;line-height:1.5;margin-block-start:1em;text-align:center}img{margin-block:1.7777778em}figure video{max-width:100%;display:block;border-radius:.25rem}img.native{display:block;max-width:100%;background-color:#ffffffe6}img.native:not([data-sized]){width:auto}.toc{margin-block:2em;font-size:var(--text-sm);border:1px solid oklch(30% .02 255);border-radius:.375rem;padding:1em 1.25em;background-color:#10171f}.toc-label{font-size:var(--text-xs);font-weight:600;text-transform:uppercase;letter-spacing:.05em;color:var(--color-text-muted);margin-block:0 .5em}details.toc summary.toc-label{display:flex;justify-content:space-between;align-items:center;cursor:pointer;list-style:none;margin-block-end:0;&::-webkit-details-marker{display:none}&:after{content:"\25b8";font-size:.9em;transition:rotate .15s ease}}details.toc[open] summary.toc-label{margin-block-end:.5em;&:after{rotate:90deg}}.toc.series{margin-block-end:3rem;background-color:oklch(23% .06 82);border-color:oklch(33% .09 82)}.toc ol{list-style:decimal;margin-block:0;padding-inline-start:1.25em}.toc li{margin-block:.3em;padding-inline-start:0}.toc a{color:var(--color-text);text-decoration:none;&:hover{color:var(--accent)}}.note-ref{font-size:.75em;vertical-align:super;line-height:0;text-decoration:none;font-weight:600;padding-inline:.1em;&:hover{text-decoration:underline}}aside.note{font-size:.8333333em;color:var(--color-text-muted);border-inline-start:2px solid var(--color-border);padding-inline-start:1em;margin-block:1.5em}.loud{font-size:1.2em;font-weight:500;line-height:1.5;text-align:center;color:var(--color-text);border:1px solid var(--accent);border-radius:.25rem;padding:1.25em 1.75em;margin-block:2em;margin-inline:0;>p{margin-block:0;color:var(--color-text)}}.tldr{font-size:var(--text-sm);line-height:1.6;color:var(--color-text);background:var(--color-hover);border-inline-start:3px solid var(--accent);border-radius:0 .25rem .25rem 0;padding:.9em 1.25em;margin-block:2em;&:before{content:"TL;DR";display:block;font-size:var(--text-xs);font-weight:700;letter-spacing:.08em;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--accent);margin-block-end:.5em}>p{margin-block:.25em;color:var(--color-text)}>p:first-child{margin-block-start:0}>p:last-child{margin-block-end:0}& ul,ol{margin-block:0;padding-inline-start:1.25em}& li+li{margin-block-start:.2em}}>:first-child{margin-block-start:0}>:last-child{margin-block-end:0}}}